Publications
1-10 of 15
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Post-Crash Health Care
Beyond the Numbers: Estimating the Disability Burden of Road Traffic Injuries
November 2023
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Road Safety Data
Improving Road Traffic Injury Statistics in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
November 2023
- National decision-makers recognize the issue of underreporting but tend to dismiss higher estimates by global statistical models.
- Most countries use WHO GSRRS estimates.
- National health surveys and censuses in LMICs often contain relevant information, and minor modifications can greatly improve their usage for such measurements.
- Incorporating national health survey data into global statistical models can help resolve discrepancies and increase confidence in estimates.
- Integrating epidemiological data sources into global statistical models (GBD, GHE, GSRRS) to reduce discrepancies and increase confidence in their estimates.
- Including relevant questions in upcoming national data collections to facilitate epidemiological measurements of road traffic injuries.
- Encouraging local involvement in data production for better estimates.
- Enhancing coordination between the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and the World Health Organization to improve estimates and reduce inconsistencies.
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Road Safety Data
Directrices Para la Realización de Evaluaciones de Datos de Seguridad Vial (Spanish)
July 2022
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Road Safety Data
Guide pour la Conduite de Revues de Données de Sécurité Routière (French)
July 2022
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Post-Crash Health Care
Transport for Health: The Global Burden of Disease from Motorized Road Transport
August 2021
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- reasons for taking action
- the main elements of post-crash response
- examples of best practice
- helpful resources.
- government departments and policymakers
- local and regional government
- emergency service managers and professionals
- paramedics and community responders
- laypeople and members of the community
- crash survivors, families, and organizations representing them.
This GRSF-funded study explores the medical, economic, and social costs of road traffic accidents (RTAs), particularly focusing on individuals with permanent disabilities. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), RTAs are a global public health crisis, ranked as the 12th leading cause of death and the primary cause of mortality among children and young adults. While the UN's Decade of Action for Road Safety (2021–2030) aims to reduce RTA deaths, the study argues that more focus is needed on injuries and the long-term impact on those left disabled by RTAs.
Building on GRSF’s report Beyond The Numbers: Estimating the Disability Burden of Road Traffic Injuries (Mitra et al., 2023), this project examines data from Namibia and South Africa and interviews with experts to highlight the often-overlooked challenges faced by RTA-related disability survivors. These individuals encounter unique issues—such as brain injuries, psychological trauma, and sudden financial burdens—that require specific support mechanisms beyond general disability frameworks.
Economic losses from RTAs are substantial, with WHO estimating global costs up to $1.8 trillion annually. However, existing research focuses mainly on medical costs and productivity losses, neglecting broader social impacts. Data on the prevalence of permanent disabilities varies, underscoring the need for standardized research.
The study calls for integrating disability concerns into road safety policies, emphasizing that improved enforcement in low- and middle-income countries could prevent disabilities and reduce societal costs. Ultimately, it advocates for recognizing RTA-related disabilities as a critical issue within global health, disability policy, and development agendas.
Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a critical public health issue in Jordan, as highlighted in the 2022 Annual Report of Traffic Accidents from the Jordan Public Security Directorate. With 169,409 crashes recorded in 2022, resulting in 562 deaths and 11,510 injuries, RTIs have emerged as the leading cause of death for children and young people, and the second-leading cause for adults aged 20–64.
This analytical research study aims to understand RTI-induced disabilities in Jordan, identify contributing factors, and assess the associated costs for road traffic crash victims. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research included quantitative and qualitative data collection through hospital-based surveillance and follow-up surveys at one- and three months post-injury. The study involved six public and private hospitals across Jordan. Key informant interviews with stakeholders from various sectors were conducted to gain comprehensive insights.
The study's findings reveal that most RTI patients were male (79%) with an average age of 34 years. Crashes predominantly occurred during early mornings and night hours, involving mainly cars (72%) and motorcycles/bicycles (40%). A significant number of patients (74%) received prehospital care, primarily from ambulance staff. Most patients (66%) were fully conscious upon arrival at the emergency room.
Injury analysis showed that 58% of patients had a single injury, with extremities being the most affected area. Financially, 49% of patients incurred immediate costs upon hospital admission, and follow-up care also resulted in out-of-pocket expenses, particularly for physiotherapy and medications.
The study indicated that 79% of patients experienced some disability at the one-month follow-up, with varying degrees from mild to extreme. By the third month, 73% reported no disability, though 26% continued to experience mild impairments.
This study underscores the significant burden of RTIs and associated disabilities in Jordan, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to reduce injuries and robust long-term care to support affected individuals.
It is well-documented that road crashes claim around 1.35 million lives each year and rank as the eighth leading cause of death globally, causing huge burdens for economies, health systems, and transport networks. However, beneath the sobering fatality statistics lies a largely unexplored landscape: the staggering toll of disabilities induced by road crashes. Until now, the focus of road safety research and policy discourse has predominantly revolved around fatalities, which has limited our understanding of traffic-related injuries and disability burdens at the individual, community, and national level.
To address this critical knowledge gap, this pioneering study—involving over 2,300 patients hospitalized for road crash injuries—provides valuable insights into the prevalence, causes, and long-term impacts of crash-related disabilities. By broadening the discussion beyond fatalities to the often-overlooked issue of disability, the report paves the way for a more holistic perspective on road safety impacts, which can inform more effective road safety policies.
This report is a call to action for comprehensive and context-specific interventions that encompass both the transport and health sectors. Effective measures may include implementing safety regulations, enhancing emergency services, strengthening rehabilitative care, and expanding social safety nets to ease the financial burden on crash survivors. Collaborative efforts between governments, global and regional organizations, civil society, and other stakeholders will be indispensable.
Road safety is a global health and economic issue that disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Precise data is crucial for understanding the full scope of the problem and developing effective interventions, but LMICs struggle to collect comprehensive data due to limited resources, underdeveloped health systems, and inconsistent data collection processes.
To overcome reporting gaps, three major global statistical models are utilized: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Status Reports on Road Safety (GSRRS), and WHO Global Health Estimates (GHE). However, discrepancies exist among these models and between them and official country statistics. They often estimate significantly higher road traffic fatalities and injuries than official LMIC statistics.
This GRSF study identifies the reasons behind statistical discrepancies and outlines strategies to strengthen modeling efforts. This involved qualitative research, a systematic review of national data availability, and four case studies in Brazil, Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Tanzania.
Key findings include:
Recommendations include:
To achieve the goal of the Second United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety (reducing road traffic fatalities and injuries by 50% by 2030), substantial resources need to be allocated to road safety and accurate reporting and statistical estimates are required.
An evaluation of the various Emergency Medical Services (EMS) models and mechanisms in place in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is critical in order to have a better understanding of what can be improved upon for effective pre-hospital and emergency care services (PECS). With grant funding provided by the World Bank’s Global Road Safety Facility (GRSF), this report aims explore the State of EMS Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa through a review of the models and mechanisms being developed across various States.
The premise of the report focuses on the fundamentals for effectively providing satisfactory treatment to those in need of urgent medical care, while also recognizing that there are multiple pathways, framed by the respective legislative, legal and regulatory enabling environments, towards a more formal and sustainable EMS model. It represents an effort to identify the major similarities and differences, as well as potential opportunities for greater coordination or collaboration, that can lead to the development of sound policy recommendations for fostering and expanding post-crash response services in the region.
High-level system information has been collected through questionnaires distributed to National Respondents in each country, for which 25 of 44 countries substantially responded as of April 2019 (collectively hereinafter referred to as SSA countries): Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo Brazzaville, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Missing data and discrepancies triggered a detailed review of laws and other regulatory acts, policy and plan.
The Report does not consider the advantages and disadvantages for the EMS models adopted by SSA countries, nor does it take a position on which regulatory approach should be applied, or measure the degree of EMS standards implementation and the success or failure of implementing various EMS policies. The principal aim of this report is to capture the current range of the standards and regulations in key areas of EMS systems across SSA.
The State of Emergency Medical Services in Sub-Saharan Africa is supported by UK Aid through the World Bank’s Global Road Safety Facility.
Download the document in English
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Download the document in Spanish
In many countries around the world, deficiencies in data or data quality impair evidence-based road safety policy making. While many countries collect road safety data, the collection is not necessarily comprehensive. Further, many countries can be unaware of data gaps in their system, which prevents them from soundly analyzing their road safety problems. Therefore, road safety data definitions and collection methods must converge into standard international criteria, thus allowing for comparisons in space - across countries - and in time.
This is the raison d’etre of regional road safety observatories, which have been developed, for example, in Latin America (OISEVI), Africa (ARSO), and Asia-Pacific (APRSO). They present an opportunity for joint regional efforts to improve, in a harmonized way, road safety data collection and analysis. Regional road safety observatories promote the adoption of a common set of road safety indicators based on common definitions and serve as an avenue to assist countries in improving the management of their crash data systems.
This document is designed to support reviewers in the assessment of road safety data collection; the complete range of safety data should be considered. This task can be complicated because collection of road safety data is often not achieved by activities dedicated to this purpose, but rather through piggybacks on other sources. For example, activity reports from police or hospitals are used to provide material for legal or medical purposes. The routines involved frequently have a long history in which gathering reliable and complete statistics has had secondary priority, at best. The various actors involved reflect the complex structure of a country’s judicial and executive system, which, generally, are not coordinated. Consequently, any review of the data collection process requires some “detective work.”
En muchos países del mundo, las deficiencias en los datos o en la calidad de los mismos perjudican la formulación de políticas de seguridad vial basadas en evidencias. Si bien muchos países recopilan datos de seguridad vial, la recopilación no es necesariamente exhaustiva. Además, muchos países pueden desconocer las lagunas de datos en su sistema, lo que les impide analizar de manera sólida sus problemas de seguridad vial. Por lo tanto, las definiciones de datos de seguridad vial y los métodos de recopilación deben converger en criterios internacionales estándar, lo que permite realizar comparaciones en el espacio (entre países) y en el tiempo.
Esta es la razón de ser de los observatorios regionales de seguridad vial, que se han desarrollado, por ejemplo, en América Latina (OISEVI), África (ARSO) y Asia-Pacífico (APRSO). Presentan una oportunidad para realizar esfuerzos regionales conjuntos para mejorar, de manera armonizada, la recopilación y el análisis de datos de seguridad vial. Los observatorios regionales de seguridad vial promueven la adopción de un conjunto común de indicadores de seguridad vial basados en definiciones comunes y sirven como una vía para ayudar a los países a mejorar la gestión de sus sistemas de datos de accidentes.
Este documento está diseñado para ayudar a los revisores en la evaluación de la recopilación de datos de seguridad vial; Se debe tener en cuenta la gama completa de datos de seguridad. Esta tarea puede ser complicada porque la recopilación de datos de seguridad vial a menudo no se logra mediante actividades dedicadas a este fin, sino más bien mediante la combinación de otras fuentes. Por ejemplo, los informes de actividades de la policía o de los hospitales se utilizan para proporcionar material para fines legales o médicos. Las rutinas involucradas con frecuencia tienen una larga historia en la que la recopilación de estadísticas confiables y completas ha tenido una prioridad secundaria, en el mejor de los casos. Los diversos actores involucrados reflejan la compleja estructura del sistema judicial y ejecutivo de un país, que, por lo general, no están coordinados. En consecuencia, cualquier revisión del proceso de recopilación de datos requiere un cierto “trabajo de detective”.
Dans de nombreux pays du monde, les lacunes en matière de données ou de qualité des données compromettent l’élaboration de politiques de sécurité routière fondées sur des données probantes. Si de nombreux pays collectent des données sur la sécurité routière, la collecte n’est pas nécessairement exhaustive. En outre, de nombreux pays peuvent ne pas être conscients des lacunes de données dans leur système, ce qui les empêche d’analyser correctement leurs problèmes de sécurité routière. Par conséquent, les définitions et les méthodes de collecte des données sur la sécurité routière doivent converger vers des critères internationaux standard, permettant ainsi des comparaisons dans l’espace (entre les pays) et dans le temps.
C’est la raison d’être des observatoires régionaux de la sécurité routière, qui ont été développés, par exemple, en Amérique latine (OISEVI), en Afrique (ARSO) et en Asie-Pacifique (APRSO). Ils offrent l’occasion de déployer des efforts régionaux conjoints pour améliorer, de manière harmonisée, la collecte et l’analyse des données sur la sécurité routière. Les observatoires régionaux de la sécurité routière favorisent l’adoption d’un ensemble commun d’indicateurs de sécurité routière basés sur des définitions communes et servent de moyen d’aider les pays à améliorer la gestion de leurs systèmes de données sur les accidents.
Ce document est conçu pour aider les examinateurs à évaluer la collecte de données sur la sécurité routière ; Il convient de prendre en compte l’ensemble des données de sécurité. Cette tâche peut s’avérer compliquée, car la collecte de données sur la sécurité routière ne se fait souvent pas par le biais d’activités dédiées à cet effet, mais plutôt par le biais d’autres sources. Par exemple, les rapports d’activité de la police ou des hôpitaux sont utilisés pour fournir des informations à des fins juridiques ou médicales. Les routines concernées ont souvent une longue histoire dans laquelle la collecte de statistiques fiables et complètes a été, au mieux, une priorité secondaire. Les différents acteurs impliqués reflètent la structure complexe du système judiciaire et exécutif d’un pays, qui, en général, ne sont pas coordonnés. Par conséquent, tout examen du processus de collecte de données nécessite un « travail de détective ».
This report summarizes the findings of a long and meticulous journey of data gathering and analysis to quantify the health losses from road deaths and injuries worldwide, as part of the path-finding Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. It is important, first, to acknowledge the profound contribution made by the lead authors and global team of injury prevention professionals to estimate the disease burden of road trauma, before absorbing their findings and recommendations. Without their dedication and tenacity, the way forward would be less certain.
The first GBD study, published nearly two decades ago, signaled an emerging road safety crisis in developing regions of the world. It triggered a remarkable program of global advocacy that culminated in the United Nations decade of action for road safety and a global plan to bring road safety outcomes under control in these regions by 2020. However, limited investment has been mobilized so far to implement the UN initiative. The second GBD studies, and related analyses presented in this report, confirm the importance of road safety as a global development priority and the urgency with which it must be addressed.
The report's findings highlight the growth in road deaths and injuries globally, and their substantial impacts on maternal and child health, despite sustained reductions over the last three to four decades in high-income countries. Combined with the deaths arising from vehicle pollution, the road transport death toll exceeds that of, for example, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, or diabetes. This statistic further reinforces the call for global action. Without these GBD estimates, we would not have a clear picture of the true situation because official country data in the developing world vastly understate the scale of road transport health losses.
What is this toolkit?
This toolkit sets out the key elements of effective post-crash emergency response. The toolkit covers:
Who is this toolkit for?
The toolkit is for all stakeholders with an interest in post-crash response. This includes:
How to use it
The toolkit describes basic good practices for organizing an effective post-crash response. It is a starting point for dialogue and discussion, aimed at identifying goals for improving post-crash services. Every country has different structures and challenges, so the toolkit is not “one-size-fits-all.” However, certain elements of good post-crash response apply everywhere: the need for strategic planning and investment, good coordination, communication, equipment, and training.
To learn more about this project, click here.