Publications
1-6 of 6
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Post-Crash Health Care
Road Traffic Injuries in Malawi: With Special Focus on the Role of Alcohol
June 2021
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Of 1347 eligible patients who were asked to participate during a period of about three months, 1259 (93.5 percent) gave informed consent, eight patients were not tested for alcohol and thus excluded, resulting in 1251 patients in the study.
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The prevalence of alcohol was 30.7 percent among males and only 2.5 percent among females, who represented 19.2% of the total cases. There were minor differences across different age groups, with the highest prevalence of alcohol use among those between 25 and 44 years of age (26-27 percent) and lowest among those 45 years of age and older (19.7 percent).
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The highest prevalence of alcohol was found among patients with no formal education (33.3 percent) compared to patients with college or university education (22.1 percent) with the lowest prevalence.
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When comparing the different road users, the highest prevalence of alcohol was found among pedestrians (41.8 percent) while the prevalence among the other road users varied from 19.1 percent (bicycle riders) to 24 percent (motorcycle riders).
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Patients injured during weekend night crashes, showed the highest prevalence of alcohol (59.6 percent), followed by those injured during weekend evenings (36.8 percent) and weekday nights (35.3 percent).
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Regarding drinking habits, measured by the AUDIT-C questionnaire, hazardous drinking was more common among males (26 percent) than among females (4.2 percent). Age group 25-34 years had the highest prevalence of positive AUDIT-C test (26 percent).
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The blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) at the time of injury were estimated by back-calculation for road users who were tested for alcohol within five hours after injury in accordance with forensic medicine practices. An estimated proportion of 15.2% of the injured motor vehicle drivers had BAC at or above 0.08g/dl when the crash occurred.
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Utilize GRSF recommended methodology to gain a thorough understanding of road safety management capacity;
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Assess institutional management arrangements as an important focus of the analysis of the road safety system in Samoa;
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Consider the existing national road safety strategy—Samoa National Action Plan (SNAP) for the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020—and propose updates for the next period;
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Provide capacity building on crash investigation and evidence-based road safety measures to ensure success and sustainability, with a focus on vulnerable road users such as females, children, and persons with disabilities; and,
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Focus on crash data management, including providing hands on capacity building and crash analysis.
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Road Safety Management
Tinjauan Singkat Pendekatan Keselamatan Jalan di Singapura (Indonesian)
October 2019
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Road Safety Management
Tóm tắt tổng quan về phương pháp an toàn đường bộ ở Singapore (Vietnamese)
October 2019
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Road traffic crashes are one of the most important causes for physical and psychosocial disease burden and early death worldwide. The United Nations (UN) declared the Decade of Action for Road Safety during the period 2011-2020, with the objective to halve the number of road traffic deaths by 2020. While the number of fatal road traffic crashes has decreased since then in high-income countries (HIC), it has increased in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Worldwide, about 90% of the crashes are recorded in LMIC (2016), while these countries had only about 60% of the motor vehicles.
Driving under the influence of alcohol is one of the principal reasons for road traffic crashes. The use of alcohol is also a risk factor for other road users, such as pedestrians and bicyclists. The involvement of alcohol in injurious and fatal road traffic crashes has been well documented in most HICs, but data for LMICs is scarce, particularly for African countries.
The study is a collaborative effort among the Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) and the Oslo University Hospital (OUH), with the financial support of UK Aid through the Global Road Safety Facility (GRSF), the International Council on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) and the Norwegian Council for Road Safety (Trygg Trafikk).
The objective of the study was to generate new knowledge about road traffic injuries in Malawi and the extent of traffic accidents related to alcohol use, to increase capacity to conduct alcohol-testing, and develop a database for the findings, which in turn will form the basis for future policymaking to reduce traffic accidents.
The objectives were achieved through collecting data on patients who sought treatment after road traffic crashes and admitted to the Emergency Department at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. The data included basic information about the patients, alcohol use before the injury, and information about accident circumstances, including types of road users and vehicles involved. Knowledge and training of local KCH employees to perform alcohol testing and record data were an important aspect of this study.
RESULTS ⌵︎
Acknowledgments ⌵︎
This research project was made possible with the financial support of UK Aid through the Global Road Safety Facility, the International Council on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety and the Norwegian Council for Road Safety.
The Road Safety Management Capacity Assessment (RSMCA) is an activity within a broader Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA), which aims to gain a holistic and thorough understanding of the road safety management capacity of three selected Pacific Island Countries (PICs)—Samoa, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu—in order to support their respective governments to develop national strategies and plans of action to improve road safety outcomes, with a focus on crash data management. The ASA will also support a pilot of the World Bank’s Data for Road Incident Visualization, Evaluation, and Reporting (DRIVER) road crash database in Samoa and provide hands on capacity building in crash analysis.
The ASA is being funded by a Global Road Safety Facility (GRSF) grant from the United Kingdom Agency for International Development (UK AID). The GRSF grant will help the Government of Samoa (GoS) to have a clear image of their road safety situation, risks and challenges, and further on to establish the basis for a national crash database. To ensure sustainability through capacity building and awareness-raising activities, knowledge will be shared with local stakeholders.
The key objectives of this ASA are as follows:
An auxiliary objective is to build capacity to use crash data to identify problems and implement road safety evidence-based measures in Samoa. Furthermore, given the negative impacts of severe weather events on road safety, which will be further exacerbated by climate change, the ASA will help to address the way that road safety is managed in the face of climate change, by training police officers to gain better skills in crash investigation.
The results from the DRIVER pilot in Samoa will be shared with counterparts in selected other PICs, with the aim of scaling up the system across the region. Only with accurate data can road safety be effectively managed and improved, and results measured. In support of this, as of October 2019, the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework (World Bank 2019) calls for road safety to be considered on all World Bank-funded projects.
The World Bank is also currently providing assistance to the road sector in Samoa through several projects, including the Samoa Climate Resilient Transport Project (SCRTP), which commenced in 2018. SCRTP will support the GoS to improve the climate resilience of the road network and provide key assistance required to contribute towards effectively managing climate resilient and safe road sector assets. One of the sub-components of SCRTP is dedicated to establishing and operationalizing a database for recording and analyzing road crash data.
The database will combine the existing siloed data, housed in different government agencies, into a single readily accessible platform under the Ministry of Work, Transport and Infrastructure (MWTI). The system will make use of DRIVER, to be piloted through this road safety ASA. SCRTP has other sub-components and activities focused on road safety, such as Road Safety Audits for project roads, a driver licensing training pilot focusing on women, and a road safety engineering technical assistance activity. This GRSF ASA will provide crucial data and insight for the successful delivery of the road safety program under SCRTP, plus other ongoing World Bank-financed projects.
Laporan ini memperkenalkan cara kerja Pendekatan Sistem Aman, dengan fokus pada infrastruktur jalan dan praktik terbaik rekayasa keselamatan jalan dari salah satu negara dengan kinerja terbaik di Asia Tenggara dan Pasifik, Singapura.
Jalan-jalan di Singapura tidak hanya dianggap sebagai yang teraman di kawasan ini, tetapi juga termasuk yang teraman di dunia. Aturan dan regulasi manajemen keselamatan jalan yang diterapkan di negara ini telah menghasilkan langkah-langkah signifikan dalam mengelola dampak faktor tabrakan yang terkait dengan desain jalan raya, perilaku manusia, dan atribut kendaraan. Hasilnya, statistik keselamatan jalan menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kematian di jaringan jalan Singapura terus menurun selama dekade terakhir. Hal ini mendorong keinginan negara-negara tetangga untuk mengikuti contoh Singapura dan belajar dari pengalamannya.
Untuk mengurangi tabrakan yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan atau kerusakan kendaraan, salah satu langkah yang diambil di Singapura adalah memberlakukan kebijakan impor kendaraan yang ketat. Impor kendaraan diizinkan dari negara-negara yang telah mengadopsi dan mematuhi standar keselamatan kendaraan tinggi yang diakui. Kepatuhan terhadap keselamatan kendaraan secara khusus difokuskan pada 52 item yang ditetapkan oleh Otoritas Transportasi Darat (LTA). Selain standar impor kendaraan yang ketat, Singapura memberlakukan sistem kuota kendaraan yang ketat, yang mengatur jumlah kendaraan di jaringan jalan. Selain itu, kendaraan diharuskan menjalani inspeksi berkala. Mobil berusia antara 3 dan 10 tahun diharuskan menjalani inspeksi dua tahunan, dan mobil yang berusia lebih dari 10 tahun diharuskan menjalani inspeksi tahunan.
Selain itu, taksi diharuskan menjalani inspeksi setiap enam bulan. Pendidikan keselamatan jalan dan pendidikan pengemudi merupakan prinsip utama strategi keselamatan jalan Singapura. Pendidikan keselamatan jalan sebagian besar dilakukan oleh Polisi Lalu Lintas Singapura, tetapi organisasi nonpemerintah seperti Sekretariat Koordinasi Keamanan Nasional memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap pendidikan keselamatan jalan di Singapura.
Báo cáo giới thiệu cách thức hoạt động của Phương pháp tiếp cận hệ thống an toàn, tập trung vào cơ sở hạ tầng đường bộ và các biện pháp thực hành tốt nhất về kỹ thuật an toàn đường bộ từ một trong những quốc gia có thành tích tốt nhất ở Đông Nam Á và Thái Bình Dương, Singapore.
Đường bộ Singapore không chỉ được coi là an toàn nhất trong khu vực mà còn được xếp hạng là một trong những quốc gia an toàn nhất trên toàn cầu. Các quy tắc và quy định về quản lý an toàn đường bộ được thực hiện tại quốc gia này đã mang lại những bước tiến đáng kể trong việc quản lý tác động của các yếu tố va chạm liên quan đến thiết kế đường bộ, hành vi của con người và các thuộc tính của phương tiện. Do đó, số liệu thống kê về an toàn đường bộ cho thấy số ca tử vong trên mạng lưới đường bộ Singapore đã giảm đều đặn trong thập kỷ qua. Điều này dẫn đến mong muốn của các quốc gia láng giềng là noi gương Singapore và học hỏi kinh nghiệm của nước này.
Để giảm thiểu các vụ va chạm do xe không đủ tiêu chuẩn hoặc lỗi, một trong những biện pháp được thực hiện tại Singapore là thực thi chính sách nhập khẩu xe nghiêm ngặt. Xe được phép nhập khẩu từ các quốc gia đã áp dụng và tuân thủ các tiêu chuẩn an toàn xe cao được công nhận. Việc tuân thủ an toàn xe đặc biệt tập trung vào 52 mục do Cơ quan Giao thông Đường bộ (LTA) chỉ định. Ngoài các tiêu chuẩn nhập khẩu xe nghiêm ngặt, Singapore còn thực thi hệ thống hạn ngạch xe nghiêm ngặt, quy định số lượng xe trên mạng lưới đường bộ. Ngoài ra, xe phải được kiểm tra thường xuyên. Xe từ 3 đến 10 năm tuổi phải được kiểm tra hai năm một lần, và xe trên 10 năm tuổi phải được kiểm tra hàng năm.
Ngoài ra, xe taxi phải được kiểm tra sáu tháng một lần. Giáo dục an toàn giao thông và giáo dục lái xe là những nội dung cốt lõi trong chiến lược an toàn giao thông của Singapore. Giáo dục an toàn giao thông chủ yếu do Cảnh sát giao thông Singapore thực hiện, nhưng các tổ chức phi chính phủ như Ban thư ký điều phối an ninh quốc gia cũng đóng góp đáng kể vào giáo dục an toàn giao thông tại Singapore.
รายงานนี้แนะนำวิธีการทำงานของแนวทางระบบที่ปลอดภัย โดยเน้นที่โครงสร้างพื้นฐานทางถนนและแนวทางปฏิบัติที่ดีที่สุดด้านวิศวกรรมความปลอดภัยทางถนนจากหนึ่งในประเทศที่มีประสิทธิภาพสูงสุดในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้และแปซิฟิก ซึ่งก็คือสิงคโปร์
ถนนในสิงคโปร์ไม่เพียงแต่ถือว่าปลอดภัยที่สุดในภูมิภาคเท่านั้น แต่ยังติดอันดับถนนที่ปลอดภัยที่สุดในโลกอีกด้วย กฎและข้อบังคับด้านการจัดการความปลอดภัยทางถนนที่นำมาใช้ในประเทศได้ส่งผลให้มีความก้าวหน้าอย่างมากในการจัดการผลกระทบของปัจจัยการชนที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการออกแบบถนน พฤติกรรมของมนุษย์ และคุณลักษณะของยานพาหนะ ส่งผลให้สถิติความปลอดภัยทางถนนแสดงให้เห็นว่าจำนวนผู้เสียชีวิตบนเครือข่ายถนนของสิงคโปร์ลดลงอย่างต่อเนื่องในช่วงทศวรรษที่ผ่านมา ส่งผลให้ประเทศเพื่อนบ้านมีความปรารถนาที่จะทำตามตัวอย่างของสิงคโปร์และเรียนรู้จากประสบการณ์ของประเทศ
เพื่อบรรเทาการชนที่เกิดจากความไม่เพียงพอหรือข้อบกพร่องของยานพาหนะ มาตรการอย่างหนึ่งที่ใช้ในสิงคโปร์คือการบังคับใช้นโยบายนำเข้ายานพาหนะที่เข้มงวด การนำเข้ายานพาหนะได้รับอนุญาตจากประเทศที่ได้นำมาตรฐานความปลอดภัยของยานพาหนะระดับสูงที่เป็นที่ยอมรับมาใช้และปฏิบัติตาม การปฏิบัติตามข้อกำหนดด้านความปลอดภัยของยานพาหนะนั้นเน้นเป็นพิเศษที่รายการ 52 รายการที่กำหนดโดย Land Transport Authority (LTA) นอกเหนือจากมาตรฐานการนำเข้ายานพาหนะที่เข้มงวดแล้ว สิงคโปร์ยังบังคับใช้ระบบโควตายานพาหนะที่เข้มงวด ซึ่งควบคุมจำนวนยานพาหนะในเครือข่ายถนน นอกจากนี้ ยานพาหนะยังต้องผ่านการตรวจสภาพบ่อยครั้ง รถยนต์ที่มีอายุระหว่าง 3 ถึง 10 ปีต้องผ่านการตรวจสภาพทุก ๆ สองปี และรถยนต์ที่มีอายุมากกว่า 10 ปีต้องผ่านการตรวจสภาพทุกปี
นอกจากนี้ รถแท็กซี่ต้องผ่านการตรวจสภาพทุก ๆ หกเดือน การศึกษาความปลอดภัยบนท้องถนนและการศึกษาของผู้ขับขี่ถือเป็นหลักการสำคัญของกลยุทธ์ความปลอดภัยบนท้องถนนของสิงคโปร์ การศึกษาความปลอดภัยบนท้องถนนส่วนใหญ่ดำเนินการโดยตำรวจจราจรของสิงคโปร์ แต่หน่วยงานที่ไม่ใช่ของรัฐ เช่น สำนักงานเลขานุการประสานงานด้านความมั่นคงแห่งชาติ มีส่วนสนับสนุนอย่างมากในการให้ความรู้ด้านความปลอดภัยบนท้องถนนในสิงคโปร์
The report introduces how the Safe System Approach works, with a focus on road infrastructure and road safety engineering best practices from one of the best performing countries in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Singapore.
Singapore roads are not only considered the safest in the region, they rank among the safest globally. Road safety management rules and regulations implemented in the country have resulted in significant strides in managing the effects of collision factors related to roadway design, human behavior, and vehicle attributes. As a result, road safety statistics have shown that fatalities on the Singapore road network have been steadily declining over the past decade. This is leading to a desire on the part of neighboring countries to follow Singapore's example and learn from its experience.
In order to mitigate collisions attributed to vehicle inadequacies or defects, one of the measures taken in Singapore was to enforce a strict vehicle import policy. Vehicle imports are permissible from countries that have adopted and comply with recognized high vehicle safety standards. Vehicle safety compliance is particularly focused on 52 items specified by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). In addition to strict vehicle import standards, Singapore enforces a strict vehicle quota system, which regulates the number of vehicles on the road network. Additionally, vehicles are required to undergo frequent inspections. Cars between 3 and 10 years old are required to have a biennial inspection, and cars older than 10 years are required to undergo annual inspections.
Furthermore, taxis are required to undergo inspections every six months. Road safety education and driver education are core tenants of Singapore's roads safety strategy. Road safety education is predominately undertaken by the Singapore Traffic Police, but nongovernmental organizations such as the National Security Coordination Secretariat contribute significantly to road safety education in Singapore.
Document also available in : Thai, Bahasa (Indonesian), Bahasa (Indonesian), Vietnamese